CAPACITY BUILIDING IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR THE BRICK MAKERS IN KIMANGE VILLAGE BAGAMOYO DISTRICT TANZANIA

CHAPTER ONE: PARTICIPATORY ASSESSMENT

Participatory Assessment is the important means to drive development practioners to work effectively in their developments plans, since it gives the existing situation of the community in questions. This it help outsider to understand the situation and help to propose actions which can fulfill people needs with clear notion of bottom –up approach in working with people’s needs. It is useful in building beneficiaries ownership through their participation from beginning and its means to ensure sustainability of the intervention.

This chapter is about the whole process of identification of the need of the community of Kimange Village which is in Bagamoyo district. To ensure that the need was identified which constituted the project under the study, an investigation or assessment of several issues was done which was presented in the following sections:

1.1 Community Profile
Community profile is essential part to involve since it provides information concerning the area hosting the project. In order to have clear picture of the beneficiaries of project, this chapter present a community profile of Kimange village as follows



1.1.1 Location
The village is situated along Chalinze-Segera road. The village was formed follows Mwalimu Nyerere call for Ujamaa village in 1975. When transferred each group made the street in the village. The village is neighbouring Lupungwi village in the East, Pongwe Kiona village in the West; in the North the village is neighbouring Mbwewe and in the South to Masimbani and Miono.

1.1.2 Population and Ethnic group
There are about 4350 people living in Kimange village, among which 2335 are woman and 2015 are men. Majority of people in the village are Wazigua in tribe. There are also few migrants from other part of the country who actually joined the village in the late 1996. They include people of the following ethnic groups: Wasukuma, Wakwere, Wasambaa, Wahehe, Wapare, Wagogo, Wanyamwezi and Wamaluli who came in the village for different business including timber making and charcoal; only few invested in agriculture. Before the migrated tribes joined the village; all villagers were Muslims; but currently there are few Christians who are business people and teachers.

1.1.3 Housing
In Kimange there is a total of 593 houses in which only 173 houses are owned by women and 420 houses are owned by men (families). Majority of the houses (96%) are in very bad (poorly builded houses) condition; not only because they used traditional materials (poles) but the way they construct their houses is the problem. They use pieces trees called ‘Majengo’ in Kiswahili as poles and some piece of long sticks (Fito) which are tied horizontally to the poles using ropes from trees known as ‘Miyombo’. Mud is used to fill the wholes. The process of mudding is done after covering the top (roof) with dry grass or iron sheets. The life span of most houses in the community is very short.

1.1.4 Communication and Information
The village is situated along the main road connected to Moshi, Arusha and Tanga. Some villagers possess mobile phones with with networks of different companies namely Vodacom, Celtel, Tigo and Zantel. They can also access information through radio. There are few who own televisions. Those who do not have television usually pay to watch the television. There is a problem of information accessibility in the village due to limited channels communication such ass magazines.

1.2 PARTICIPATORY ASSESSMENT
1.2.1 Community Assessment
Community Assessment is an assessment done to identify communitys stresses, the main causes of those stresses and capability of the community to solve them through available resources.



Research Methodology
1.2.1.1 Research objectives
The objective of doing community assessment is to identify the stresses pressing the community, and to find the causes of those stresses and to explore the opportunities and assets available in the community.

1.2.1.2 Research questions
What are the stresses pressing the community?
What are the causes of the identified stresses?
Which are the opportunities and assets in the community?

1.2.1.3 Research Design, Methods and Tools
Community assessment was conducted. Explanatory type of research was used in which stress were identified and the causes of those stress were also identified. In this assessment both qualitative and quantitative methods of analyzing data or information were used. Data was collected from the selected sample of villagers which was done randomly, and some leaders sampled purposely were also interviewed

1.2.1.4 Research Methods
Three methods were used in collecting information on community assessment. These methods are controlled observation, interview and survey. Observation was used to collect information on housing, education (availability of primary and secondary schools. On the other hand, interviews were used to leaders Survey was used to gather information from community members.

Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected of which were of both primary and secondary forms of data. With regard to secondary data they were obtained after going through books, research reports, journals and articles. Where relevant data were not found in the literatures, primary data were collected by fully involving members of the community in a participatory way. The reasons for involving the community with the assessor is to make the community feel that they owe the project, that they are a part of it even or especially when it comes to implementation of the project, and also to get the reality. The methods used to collect the primary data were several and were changing depending on the issues being investigated and they include:
· Interview: Interview as a method was conducted with respondents of ranged categories and a well defined numbers of male and females. 47 group adult members on the basis of sex distributions 26 were male and 21 were female, among them five are leaders of the community.
· Focus Group discussions: Focus Group discussions was conducted several time where found necessary especially when the needed data were not well understood in the questionnaires.



i. Tools used
Three participatory tools were used to collect information in community assessment. The tools included checklist, questionnaire and meetings. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed, only 47 were collected back.

1.2.1.4 Population, Sample Size and Sampling Techniques
A random sampling was used during the study. The sample had a total of fifty members in which two were village leaders, six were primary school teachers and forty two were villagers. These members were selected randomly from the community after putting into consideration different strata which appeared. The leaders were purposely selected because they were the only group who can provide much information of the community profile and other concerning management
.
1.2.1.5 Findings, Data Analysis and Discussion
Community Participation
The findings also show that 68.% said they participate well in self reliant work, where almost thirty two(32%) of the respondents are saying community participation is declining as they don’t participate in community activities for different reasons like sickness, poor information’s and not willing to participate.



Table 2: Frequency of participation
SOURCE: Field research data, 2008
Table 3: Reasons for not participating
SOURCE: Field research data, 2008
Participation in decision making
Eighty five percent (85.1%) of the respondent shows that men are given more chances to participate in decision making than women as it is also indicated from the result that people are not satisfied with the leadership in the village as only six percent (6.4%) said that the leadership quality is very good as indicated in the table below




Quality of leadership
The data showed that the villagers are not satisfied with the leadership in the village. The reasons behind this is that they believe that those leaders do not use the village funds well. Table 4 indicates the fact
Table 4 Quality of leadership
SOURCE: Field research data, 2008
Cost of living
The cost of living is a little bit high according to the result which shows that 42.6% of the respondent said the cost of living is high; being the highest percent it concludes that the cost of living is high as shown in table five below.
Table 5: Cost of living
SOURCE: Field research data, 2009
Poverty reduction effort
The respondents also seems to unsatisfied with the effort done by the regional leaders to reduce poverty, Only 21,3% said yes to the question which asked about efforts of the regional leaders if they satisfy tem or not.

Education facilities
Education facilities are also another stress found in the village. The result of the study shows that 97.9% of the respondents said that education facilities are not sufficient. The result are summarily indicated in the bar chart below,

1.2.1.6 Validity and reliability
Due to the fact that the designing process, community assessment included the sample which was selected randomly without any biasness, data collection, analysis, and presentation of the results also involved the stakeholders to make sure the data are valid and reliable. The Questionnaires were tested before and they were self administered ensured consistency. Observations were also applied to prove for a certain situation which was not well explained to make sure that the data given are valid and reliable.




1.2.1.7 Community stress
· Poor quality of local leaders
The findings indicated that among the community stress is poor quality of local leaders because most of the leaders in the village were not interested to solve peoples problems instead they were interested to solve their own by even misusing the funds collected or even given by donors for development activities.
· Insufficient education facilities
There is only one primary school with few classes, at least after the introduction of Primary Education Development Plan (PEDP) they added three classes and one room as teachers’ office. There is neither secondary school nor a vocational training institution.
· Poor houses
The quality of houses are poor, they are not durable. They use very poor materials
for building their houses and thus the life span of these houses are very short.
· Poor social capital
Poor community mobilization of the villagers to educate their children have resulted into poor social capital.

1.2.1.8 Causes of Community stress
· Poor quality of local leaders is caused by Low level of education, Inadequate means of information Sharing, inadequate capacity Empowerments.
· Insufficient education facilities is caused by Lack of proper plans, leaders are not committed, poor community participation, dependence from external supports.
· Unsafely living environment is caused by Witchcraft beliefs, people in this believes much in witch crafts activities and Declining of social relationship which led by decline of cultural and traditions activities.
· Poor houses is caused by poor building materials and poor technology
· Poor social capital is caused by poor mobilization of the district and the regional leaders to the community.

1.2.1.9 Community assets
· Youth who want changes to make development
· Friendship, cooperation among the villagers
· High volunteerism of some of the villagers
· Strong culture of helping each other in things like burials, wedding and other activity.

1.2.2 Economic Assessment
Economic Assessment is an assessment done to identify Economic stress, identify, the main causes of those stresses and capability of the Economic to solve them through available resources.


Research Methodology
1.2.2.1 Research objectives
The objective of doing economical assessment is to identify the stresses pressing the community, to find the causes of those stresses and to explore the opportunities arise in the community.

1.2.2.2 Research questions
What are the economic stresses in the community?
What are the causes of the identified economic stresses?
Which are the economic opportunities and assets in the community?

1.2.2.3 Research Design, Methods and Tools
Economic assessment was conducted to identify the stress, sources of stress and the economic assets. Explanatory type of research was used in which problems were identified and the causes of those problems. In this assessment both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze data information was used and the data was collected using participatory methods. Data was collected from the selected sample of villagers which was done randomly, and some leaders sampled purposely were also interviewed.

1.2.2.4 Research Methods
Three methods were used in collecting information on economic assessment. These methods are controlled observation, interview and survey. Observation was used to collect information on economic activities. On the other hand, interviews were used to business people to collect information about how people do their activities.

1.2.2.5 Tools Used
Three participatory tools were used to collect information in economic assessment. The questionnaire was used to collect information’s. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed, only 47 were collected back.

1.2.2.6 Findings, Data Analysis and Discussion
As it is the case in the most of Tanzania rural areas, the majority of the people in Kimange are mainly engaged in agriculture. In adequate informal and formal businesses, in Kimange village people depend much on agricultural activities like farming and small scale livestock keeping. Majority are small scale farmers, they owned ½ acre to 5 acre. This is due to the fact that most of the villagers use poor technology in cultivating and planting and thus become difficult to maintain big farms.
Apart from agricultural production, there are off-farm activities including charcoal burning, bricks making(brick reds and concrete blocks), food vending, retail shops, selling of local brews(very few because many of the villagers are Muslims), carpentry, maize milling, firewood selling, water selling.

More than fifty seven percent (57.4%) of the respondent said no to the question that they are not members of any group. The community seems that it was not organized and motivated to work in groups. This indicates that there is poor mobilization from the village leaders, district leaders and regional leaders.

Loan availability - Financial service is another stress in this community because only few financial institutions operate in the nearby villages, people has to travel to other villages for such service and thus make FINCA the only financial institution provide the service in the area. The respondents gave their reason for not taking loan even to FINCA which is also available in the nearby villages is the whole process person has to go through before access the loan.

Training - In order to make business people successful training has to be provided to improve their skills in entrepreneurship, savings and loan accessibility. It is very unfortunate that only few got training in any of those. 80.9% of the respondent said that they have never come across any type of training. Only 19.1% get training in entrepreneur skills and loan recovery. The figure below shows the summary of the results:

Almost every household in Kimange keep local chicken. People are not very aware that if they treat it as big business they could have improved their income. The place is good for local chicken though sometime there are some outbreaks of New castle diseases. They are also threatened by wild cats and big birds. The villagers need consultancy they could have made a big business from this business; because they could have sold more and other use for their home use.

Many people in Kimange village were also depending on timber and charcoal business which actually they sold at very lower price because many of them used to sell at the village as whole salers.

There is no single market in the village, but a small place in front of small shops where you can find a small table where few things are sold like fish and tomatoes. There are twelve very small shops in the village.

Women are working more with ‘mama lishe’ food vendors business, cooking foods and selling them. Some have joined together for making brick burnt. It is a small business, but it can become big and help the villagers to grow if they are trained on how to do their business and make sure that they don’t destroy the environment.

1.2.2.7 Validity and reliability
Due to the fact that the designing process, community assessment included the sample which was selected randomly without any biasness, data collection, analysis, and presentation of the results also involved the stakeholders to make sure the data are valid and reliable. Observations and field survey were also applied to prove for a certain situation which was not well explained to make sure that the data given are valid and reliable.

1.2.2.8 Economical stress
Lack of market
A market is a place where people sell and buy goods. When the village has a market people will be encouraged to do business and will be able to know what the overall price is. A market also gives the buyers an opportunity to select what they think is the best to them. At Kimange village there is no market although few people were doing their business at the bus stand. Sometimes lack of market makes the villagers or the village as a whole to loose some customers from other communities who may need to buy things from the market as they believe from the market everything could be found easily and quickly.

Poor houses
Houses are among very good business in the current growing world. If someone builds a good quality house can use it as an investment because the house can be used for economic growth purposes. A house can be rented and the owner take rent monthly or yearly, the rent will be used in different development activities such as paying fees for children’s and others. Not only the rent which can benefit the owner but also if the land in which the house were built have a title and title deed, the owner will be able to use the house as a collatory in any financial institution such as Banks and take a loan which will be used to invest in other productive business.

Poor financial services
There are very few ineffective financial services in the village. Different reasons could be the cause for such situation, among them is poverty, but after collecting all the information’s from different people using different methods, it was identified that the main reason is lack of community mobilization on how to serve, applying for loans in different financial institutions.

1.2.2.9 Sources of Economical stress
Low level of community mobilization and business knowledge
Majority of the questionnaires respondents said that they never attended any training on financial issues or on how to do business. Community mobilization is very important especially for development matters as it increases social capital and knowledge.

Lack of funds and materials for building quality houses
Only few an effective producers of bricks were the supplier of the building materials in the village. Almost 95% of the villagers depended on natural resources to build their houses as they used poles, grasses and mud, as strong and big trees have been destroyed by the timber makers, it became difficult to get poles which are durable enough for a house to exist for a long time. So for this case effective brick making projects are mostly needed to rescue the situation.

1.2.2.10 Economical assets
Fertile land
The village has a big area of fertile land which if properly used can be a good source for development for individual or the village as a whole.

Good environment for poultry units
The area is very good for keeping local chicken as it was observed that people or businessman from other villages such as Mbwewe and Chalinze come there and buy a lot of chickens almost everyday. Not only is that but the area also good for keeping goats. The environment is not very supportive for cows because of the tsetse (Mbun’go in Kiswahili language) flies which affects the cows mostly and the cows will need a doctor frequently which could be problem to the poor farmers in question.

High need of building materials especially bricks and blocks
There is very high need of bricks in the village. The villagers are now working hard to change their life standards starting with building good houses. As one villager said in Kiswahili that ‘Matofali hapa kijijni ni sawa na keki sasa hivi’ meaning bricks are like cakes in their village as cake is difficult to get.

1.2.3 Environmental assessment
Research Methodology
1.2.3.1 Research objectives
The objective of doing environmental assessment is to identify the stresses pressing the community, to find the causes of those stresses and to explore the opportunities in the environment surrounding the community.

1.2.3.2 Research questions
What are the environmental stresses in the community?
What are the causes of the identified environmental stresses?
Which are the opportunities and assets in the environment?

1.2.3.3 Research Design, Methods, and Tools
Environment assessment was conducted to identify the stress, sources of stress and the environment assets. Explanatory type of research was used in which problems were identified and the causes of those problems. In this assessment both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze data information was used and the data was collected using participatory methods. Data was collected from the selected sample of villagers which was done randomly, and some leaders sampled purposely were also interviewed.



1.2.3.4 Research Methods
Three methods were used in collecting information on environment assessment.. Observation was used to collect information on forests, water sources and other activities. On the other hand, interviews were used to leaders to collect information about how people value their land; Survey was used to gather information from community members about timber and charcoal business.

1.2.3.5 Tools Used
Three participatory tools were used to collect information in environment assessment. The tools used were questionnaire and group discussion. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed, the validity of which is 47.

1.2.3.6 Findings Data analysis and Discussion
Deforestation
There is big a big problem of forest degradation because of the business of timber and charcoal. The area used to have different type of trees from big trees and small trees, these included Mininga, Mivule, Mpinga, Mngunga and soon which were destroyed by the business of timber, logs, charcoal and firewood. They cut down all types and sizes of trees without considering the affects of it. People came from different area took their resources they did not benefit much from it, they even did no known the really worth of it, that is why they allowed them to cut down the trees without hesitate. The increase for timber, charcoal, logs and fire woods business from 1995 to 2005 is a big threa to environment. Many trees were cut which almost turn the village to a desert. But one group of called UMAKI is now trying to plant new trees (local types) with the help of the forest people in Bagamoyo District.

Burning of glasses to simplify cultivating their farms is among the problem which destroys the natural plants especially the small trees which are now growing. Cutting trees have caused a problem that women now are working far km away to find firewood. The result of the study shows that 68.1%. Table seven below shows these results
Table 7
SOURCE: Field research data, 2009

Forests depletion is caused by increasing demand of energy and Increase demand for houses Construction materials which is used either way, as for individual use or as a means to earn income.

Pollution - No pollution cases problems have been mentioned except those caused by charcoal makers. Wastes are not well managed and it remains the responsibility of individual and household. The respondents were asked about their knowledge or ideas that whose responsible for the management of waste, the data below shows the respondents responses

Land fertility - The land is fertile; but villagers overused a very small part of it. But currently it seems that there is a danger for the land to be taken with the migrants; because when people come into this village the leaders are just giving them piece of land they want for a very cheap price and sometimes they are given them a piece more for free. It seems people do not have the knowledge (they don’t value land) of how land is important and a source for achievement. There is a big area of land which is not cultivated, people use the land used for many years and this caused the overused land to loss its fertility. But the remain part is very fertile.

Water sources - The result shows that 100% of the respondent said yes to the question asked them about if they get safe water or not, and 91, 5% get water from taps.

1.2.3.7 Environmental stress
Lack of trees which is the main source of building material, fire wood and medicines
Trees have cut down for different activities such as agriculture and fire wood. These activities did not affect the trees much compared to recent year’s business of timber and charcoal. No big trees are seen in the nearby area. People has to go far away from the village to find poles which also become expensive for those who want to buy as they cannot go to the forests by themselves for different reasons like old age.

Losing the fertile land to new comers (Migrants)
There is a new tendency of the village top leaders selling some fertile area in so many acres to migrants at a very low price without involving the community members or other representative leaders. This is threat to the village as in few years to come there will be a problem of land for the villagers.

1.2.3.8 Sources of Environmental stress
Low level of knowledge on the important of natural resources
In Tanzania, the policy makers need to learn to be protective instead of being problem solvers. If good education on the important of land, it is value, knowledge on the impacts of environment degradation and other would have been provided to the people before the risk would have been reduced compared to the current situation. People were not aware of what could be the results of making timber and charcoal, if they were told on this much the risk would have been reduced.

Lack of knowledge to utilize well the resources such as forests and technology to use them efficiently was also a source of stress in the community. Lack of knowledge of the real value of land

Lack of awareness on good governance at village level
The leader lack the knowledge of good governance where they have to rule according to the laws.

1.2.3.9 Environmental assets
· A group which decided to take care of the environment
· Youth voluntarism increases in activities they believe will bring changes to the communioty.
· There are strength and opportunities existing in the community which can be utilized to resolve the situations concerning environment conservation; such as land for replanting trees

1.2.4 Health assessment
Health assessment is an assessment done to identify Health stresses, the main causes of those stresses and Health assets available in the community.

Research Methodology
1.2.4.1 Research objectives
To find out the health stress
To identify sources of stress
To explore health assets

1.2.4.2 Research questions
What are the health stresses in the community?
What are the causes of the identified health stresses?
Which are the health opportunities and assets in the community?

1.2.4.3 Research Design, Methods and Tools
Health assessment for Kimange village was conducted to identify the health stress, sources of stress and the health assets. Problems were identified and the causes of those problems were also identified. In this assessment both qualitative and quantitative data and information was collected using participatory methods.

1.2.4.4 Research Methods
Different methods were used in collecting information on health assessment. These methods include observation; interview and survey. Observation was used to collect information on hospitals, interviews to find information about diseases, heath services and Survey was used to gather information from villagers to find out how they live.

1.2.4.5 Tools Used
Three participatory tools were used to collect information in economic assessment. The tools included checklist and questionnaire. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed, only 47 were collected back.

1.2.4.6 Findings, Data Analysis and Discussion
Diseases
Different diseases have been disturbing the villagers. These are mostly disturbed by cholera, malaria, diarrhea, HIV Aids and Typhoid. There is no single dispensary or hospital, private or public. Villagers have to travel to another village to get treatment when they are sick. Villagers have been disturbed by different types of disease like birth in their houses being helped by traditional nurses called “Wakunga wa jadi”. People has to walk about 5km or board a bus to near village or for those who have relative in towns like Bagamoyo, Dar es Salaam and others has to go for treatment. The traditional nurses are exposed to different diseases like AIDS as in cases they do not wear gloves for protection. Men who work in the timber or charcoal field are exposed to different accidents such as cutting themselves with ox, but it is unfortunate that they cannot get quick aid because there is no hospital in the village; many lose their life in their way to hospital. For the time being at least one retired Doctor can even, at least give them first aid advise them to take the patients early to hospital than taking them to which doctors, transport is not a problem at this village as the village is situated along the main road to Tanga/Arusha from Chalinze/Dar es Salaam. The villagers have contributed some money and with the help of TASAF they have started building a dispensary; which so far they are not sure it will start working.

Although there is a problem of health facilities like hospitals, dispensary and others, the village is situated along the main road to Arusha, Moshi and Tanga and thus makes it easy to get transport to any hospital a person wants to go. The only problem which may arise here is whether they can afford to pay for transportation or not. 95.7% of the respondent said that transport is easy to get though the fare sometimes happen to be a problem. Some women have to go to other village for clinics services, and during birth sometimes they get assistance by the traditional nurses.
Table 10
SOURCE: Field research Data, 2008.
Because of the same reason, many women do not take their children to clinic. Also when people get sick and they don’t have money for transport and medicines or consultancy, they decide to go to which doctors and sometimes they see one retired officer who give them at least first aid.

1.2.4.7 Health stress
Increasing risks of under five and maternal death is caused by absence of health facility there is no dispensary in the village, majority depend on traditional healers and Village health attendants who are not professionals and they lack other facilities and , Unaffordable transport .
Community can change the situation for better through existing human power through participating in planning, implement health project particularly construction of dispensary. District hospital can be used for outreach program if well planed and organized, Development funds can used to contribute on people’s efforts in ensure health service accessibility.

1.2.4.8 Causes of health stress
Increasing risks of under five and maternal death is caused by absence of health facility there is no dispensary in the village, majority depend on traditional healers and Village health attendants who are not professionals and they lack other facilities and , Unaffordable transport .

1.2.4.9 Health assets
People still believe in some traditions medicines which are good for health.
Traditional nurses are helping women during birth.

1.3 Conclusion
This chapter undertook participatory assessment in four sectors that is community, economic, environmental and health. The findings under each category are discussed and from those results the stresses and their causes were identified.

Housing was the most pressing issue as for example if the brick making project improve its products quality and quantity, it will be easy for the villagers to build hospital or a health centre, and also a secondary school can be easily and cheaply constructed.

Econmical assessment was conducted at Kimange village and the most pressing stress included Lack of market, Poor houses, Poor financial services which were caused by Low level of community mobilization and business knowledge, Lack of funds and materials for building quality houses. Although there were those stress the community have different economical opportunities which include Economical assets, Fertile land, Good environment for poultry units and High need of building materials especially bricks and blocks

Environmental assessment was conducted at Kimange village and the most pressing stress included Lack of trees which is the main source of building material, fire wood and medicines, Losing the fertile land to new comers (Migrants). The stresses were caused by Low level of knowledge on the important of natural resources, Lack of awareness on good governance at village level. Although there were those stress the community have different Environmental opportunities which include A group which decided to take care of the environment called UMAKI, Youth voluntarism increases in activities they believe will bring changes to the community and There are strength and opportunities existing in the community which can be utilized to resolve the situations concerning environment conservation; such as land for replanting trees

Health stress found included increasing risks of under five and maternal death which is caused by poor knowledge on martenity perion care. In Kimange village people still believe in some traditions medicines which are good for health also the traditional nurses were helping women during birth.


















CHAPTER TWO: PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

This chapter reviews the identified community problem where the project was intended to address. Basing on the participatory assessment which was conducted in Kimange village various stresses and causes of those stress were identified which led to the main problem.

Problem identified
After the assessment, it was identified that people in Kimange village face different problems like many other rural communities do. They are suffering from poor living conditions which involve poor houses, poor roads infrastructures, poor education facilitates, inadequate or lack of health facilities, sticks on cultural believes and traditions which among those traditions are harmful to their wealth prosperity. Despite the resources available within the community, such as fertile land, forests, water and minerals the communities especially those in rural areas they remain undeveloped due to various factors like low technology, lack of skills and knowledge of various things including management of different developmental projects. In Tanzania, over 80% people live in rural areas and this population contributes much to the country’s economy.

The main problem identified from the findings after rating them is the low level capacity of project management among the brick makers. If these people get training or assistance to increase their capacity in managing the projects their projects will flourish and make big profit, they will produce more and thus sell more which in turn will increase profit, increasing profit will help them to pay fees for their children’s, and also the project can contribute to different development projects such as building schools and hospital, above all it will help to improve the conditions of the houses.

Building capacity of the brick makers will also bring the following benefits to the community:
· The processes for making high quality bricks from local soil and lime or cement. Houses made from the bricks are durable, clean, health (insect free) comfortable and freed from hassle of frequent rebuilding.
· The quality of bricks is such a way that they will be used to construct classrooms in the villages and thus simply the construction of the secondary school planned.
· Using local clays/soil and lime for brick making reduces the pressure on the scarce wood supply in area and thus save the environment.
· Homes built from local clays/soil and lime is more durable, comfortable and clean than homes built with mud. The consultant helped the brick makers to developed a mould so all bricks can be made the same size.

2.1 Statement of the problem
Rural Communities in the country are facing social –cultural, economic, environmental and political stresses and uncertainty of volatile commodity market.
Kimange village community as targeted area for project implementation is in Bagamoyo district, in Mbwewe ward. The community suffered from very poor houses (poor unimplemented plans or programs and unaffordable housing) and very poor housing condition lack of health facilities, poor education status whereby there are seven classrooms with inadequate desks and teaching materials, lack of teachers houses, poor and temporary toilets for both pupils and teachers. Inadequate formal and informal businesses and business facilities like market reduce the effort of people to become entrepreneurs and above all lack of skills and knowledge of various things including management of different developmental projects which affects mostly the leaders of the village who have low level of education of local leaders, not only formal education but also managerial and leadership skills and knowledge to be integrated to supervise, direct and implement the projects or programs for people’s life.

Low level of commitment both political leaders, local authorities and central government. Poor organization board to plan, mobilize resource, implement and monitor poverty reduction or development activities.

Other problems include: shortage of capital, difficult in understanding the industry trends, difficult in understanding financial issues, lack of management skills, lack of ability to identify and focus on market niche, lack of negotiation skills


Therefore, the mentioned facts give the reason to assist community to establish Community Economic Development Organization to plan strategically, advocacy with and for the people’s benefits, implement projects with emphasis on encouraging high community self help, monitor and evaluate for sustainable development.

In Kimange village many small groups started to make bricks in the early 2000. The groups were not working very well. They have customers but they cannot even produce enough to supply the villagers. They use to wait for the customers and take the order, when they get paid they just divide the money among themselves and that was all and they waited for other order. Sometime a customer goes and buys the bricks which are already made from other villages like Chalinze and Lugoba. They also mentioned a problem of deforestation which also indicated that there is no hope for the project in the direction of sustain. After discussion with the community and looking on the results of the participatory assessment we found out that they need help here to improve their business skills and find other alternatives of making the bricks by using soil with cement and/ or soil with lime.

2.2 Target community
The project was targeted to serves all community members in Kimange village and other neighboring communities who need to improve the conditions of their houses. Schools will also benefit in the long run when the project matures.

2.3 Stake holders
Stakeholders are all beneficiaries from the project. Stakeholders of this project are the group members them selves who benefit by getting money as their business will make more profit and thus from dividend they will be able to fulfil their basic needs and improve their lives and their families. They can also improve or invest in other activities like agriculture activities as they can be able to buy raw material for agriculture. Using the money they get they can also be able to send their children to school.

The customer will benefit by getting the bricks at low cost and thus improving their housing condition. They can also save time which was used to repair their houses. Good houses will also help the community to improve their health and at the same time contributing to the capital of the project. The third stakeholders is the researcher who learns from practitioners and communities in the field, gets the chance to test and practice skills and techniques acquired during the course of their study, gets the opportunity to collect information and verify assumption through quantitative and qualitative research methodologies and gets the opportunity to assess the impact of development initiatives on poverty using Participatory Action Research at community level.

The Southern New Hampshire University and the Open University of Tanzania also are the stake holder who gets the opportunity to learn from the CBOs, institutions, local govt. authorities ad development practitioners. It also gets the possibility to gather much needed data on community based organization, and local government authorities. They also get information to develop a database for CBOs, institutions and local government authorities. They also get the indicators of success based on data collected through the Project.

2.4 Project Goal
A project goal briefly describes what you expect the project setting to be like after completing its intervention. It is a solution to the problem described area. Goal statement represents the solution.

The goals of this project is to improve the wall element of the houses by using bricks instead of the traditional poles and mud which is poor technology resulting into semi- permanent structures, to improve the income of the group; improve housing condition in the village, improve health of the community.

2.5 Project Specific Objectives
Project objectives are series of specific accomplishments designed to address the stated problem and attain the stated goal. The objectives of this project include:
To improve community housing condition,
To improve bricks making quantitatively and qualitatively through increasing the capacity in management.
increase members income as by improving the quality of the building material which will be sold at good prices,
Improve skills on how to do business, increase the saving skills and ability, expand the business and be able to invest in other business like agriculture.

2.6 Host Organization
The Host Organization is the group of the brick makers who joined their effort together to make bricks so that they can share their knowledge and experiences. The group is made up of 25 members in which ten are female and 15 are male.

2.7 Conclusion
Under chapter two the problem identified, the statement of the problem was stated. The target community and stakeholders were identified. It is under this chapter the project goals and project Objectives were also identified.








CHAPTER III
LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter is reviewing all literatures that is related to the issue of housing and building capacity of the management of the project in order to identify knowledge gaps of the project being studied and see the relevancy of the study in different policies and strategies. Different authors were conducted. Other materials of the same nature as the project in question were also conducted. The chapter include the theoretical review. Empirical review and literature review,
3.1 Theoretical Literature Review
a) Capacity building and Developing Societies
Capacity building is the process by which individuals, organizations institutions and societies develop abilities to perform functions, solve problems and set and achieve objectives (United Nations Development Program, 1991).
Another definition of capacity building from Wikipedia:2008 says that capacity building is the assistance which is provided to entities (usually developing societies) which have a need to develop a certain skill or competence, or for general upgrading of performance ability.”
Ann Philbin(1996) defined capacity building as the "process of developing and strengthening the skills, instincts, abilities, processes and resources that organizations and communities need to survive, adapt, and thrive in the fast-changing world."
The WCO (1994) defines capacity building as "activities which strengthen the knowledge, abilities, skills and behaviour of individuals and improve institutional structures and processes such that the organization can efficiently meet its mission and goals in a sustainable way."It is, however, important to put into consideration the principles that govern community capacity building.
Capacity building often refers to assistance which is provided to entities, usually developing country societies, which have a need to develop a certain skill or competence, or for general upgrading of performance ability. Most capacity is built by societies themselves, sometimes in the public, sometimes in the non-governmental and sometimes in the private sector. Many international organizations, often of the UN-family, have provided capacity building as a part of their programmes of technical cooperation with their member countries. Bilaterally funded entities and private sector consulting firms or non-governmental organizations, called (NGOs) have also offered capacity building services. Sometimes NGOs, in developing countries are themselves recipients of capacity building.
Capacity Building is, however, not limited to international aid work. More recently, capacity building is being used by government to transform community and industry approaches to social and environmental problems. (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
The lead within the UN system for action and thinking in this area was given to UNDP and it has offered guidance to its staff and governments on what was then called institution building since the early 1970s. This involved building up the ability of basic national organizations, in areas such as civil aviation, meteorology, agriculture, health, nutrition to do their tasks well. All UN specialized agencies were supposed to be active in support of capacity building in the areas for which they were technically qualified e.g. FAO for the rural sector and agriculture, WHO for health etc, but they achieved mixed results. USAID UK/DFID and some of the Nordic donors were also active in the area as were some of the Soviet bloc countries.
By 1991 the term had evolved and become 'capacity building'. UNDP defined 'capacity building' as the creation of an enabling environment with appropriate policy and legal frameworks, institutional development, including community participation (of women in particular), human resources development and strengthening of managerial systems, adding that, UNDP recognizes that capacity building is a long-term, continuing process, in which all stakeholders participate (ministries, local authorities, non-governmental organizations and water user groups, professional associations, academics and others).

Capacity Building is much more than training and includes the following:
Human resource development, the process of equipping individuals with the understanding, skills and access to information, knowledge and training that enables them to perform effectively.
Organizational development, the elaboration of management structures, processes and procedures, not only within organizations but also the management of relationships between the different organizations and sectors (public, private and community).
Institutional and legal framework development, making legal and regulatory changes to enable organizations, institutions and agencies at all levels and in all sectors to enhance their capacities ( Urban Capacity Building Network).
Capacity building seeks to improve the performance of work units, departments, and the whole organization. Organizational capacity building is a system-wide, planned effort to increase organizational performance through purposeful reflection, planning, and action. In particular, capacity building looks in depth at where an organization stands in comparison to where it hopes to be in the future, and develops the skills and resources to get there. Thus organizational capacity building is synonymous with organizational learning. The ultimate goal of capacity building is to enable the organization to grow stronger in achieving its purpose and mission. It asks the question, "What kinds of things do we need to do to keep ourselves healthy and vital as an organization?" and provides a variety of techniques to help find the answers.(Ricket D,1997)
b) Organizational Capacity Building
Building organizational capacity typically involves four steps which include: diagnosing what is missing or needed in the organization, planning strategies to change the situation, educating personnel to carry out change, and evaluating results. As an organization engages in these activities it acquires new knowledge about organizational actions and outcomes. Organizational capacity expands when learning goes beyond solving a specific problem to gaining the skills and knowledge to solve future problems.
Diagnosis involves gathering information through the use of interviews, observations, and documents and records. Strategy planning is concerned with developing a plan for organization improvement based on these data. The process typically identifies problem areas in the organization and outlines steps to resolve the problems. Educating personnel consists of involving the people most affected by the problem in diagnostic and strategy planning steps. This makes implementation easier as changes are not imposed upon people but rather invented by them. In some cases the educating step involves sharing the information obtained in the diagnosis with the people who are affected by the problem and helping them adopt the planned change. The evaluation step is similar to the diagnostic step. Once changes have been implemented, data are gathered to determine the effects of the planned change.
For organizations, capacity building may relate to almost any aspect of its work: improved governance, leadership, mission and strategy, administration (including human resources, financial management, and legal matters), program development and implementation, fundraising and income generation, diversity, partnerships and collaboration, evaluation, advocacy and policy change, marketing, positioning, planning, etc. For individuals, capacity building may relate to leadership development, advocacy skills, training/speaking abilities, technical skills, organizing skills, and other areas of personal and professional development (Evaluation of Capacity Building: Lessons from the Field by Deborah Linnell, published by the Alliance for Nonprofit Management)
Capacity building is the elements that give fluidity, flexibility and functionality of a program/organization to adapt to changing needs of the population that is served.
Infrastructure development has been considered "Economic Capacity Building" because it increases the capacity of any developed or developing society to improve trade, employment, economic development and quality of life. It is also true that where institutional capacity is limited, infrastructure development is probably constrained. Currently the United States infrastructure is rated D or worse by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). This may be an indication that the Institutional Capacity of the USA is constrained and will impact future quality of life issues.

There are many approaches to providing capacity building services, among them are as follows:
· Providing access to repositories of information and resources (for example, databases,libraries and web sites)
· Publications
· Trainings (public, customized or on-line)
· Consultation (for example, coaching, facilitating, expert advice and conducting research)
· Coordinating alliances

Capacities building also involve the following activities: Assessments, Board development. Business planning, Business development, Collaboration planning, Conflict resolution, Convening, Earned-income development, Evaluation, Facilities planning, Financial management, Funding, Fundraising, Information technology, Leadership development, Legal, Management development, Marketing (research, promotions), Meeting management, Mergers, Networking opportunities, Organizational development, Peer learning, Program design, Project management, Quality management, Referrals, Research, Risk management, Staffing (selection, development), Strategic planning and Team building

This project is related to WCO’s and the UN ‘s definitions, that is The WCO (1994) defines capacity building as "activities which strengthen the knowledge, abilities, skills and behaviour of individuals and improve institutional structures and processes such that the organization can efficiently meet its mission and goals in a sustainable way and Capacity building is the process by which individuals, organizations institutions and societies develop abilities to perform functions, solve problems and set and achieve objectives. (United Nations Development Program, 1991) because it aims at improving, strengthen the knowledge, abilities, skills and behaviour of individuals, organizations and societies to develop abilities and perform functions, solve problems, set and achieve objectives. The aim of this project is to improve the management ability so they produce high quality bricks without affecting the environment much.

3.2 Empirical Literature Review
Since 1990, SEI has been engaged in projects to improve energy efficiency and lower emissions from use of wood fuel by small industries. The work has been concentrated in Latin America, mainly Ecuador and Bolivia, and has primarily covered brick making and lime burning, although other industries have also been examined.
In late 1993, a similar project on wood fuel use by small industries was initiated in Tanzania by SEI and the Tanzanian Ministry of Energy (MWEM). The basic objective of the project is to investigate one or two regions, and then to adapt the knowledge and experiences from SEI's Latin American projects. In Tanzania, as in most African countries, small industries or services consume a fairly large amount of wood fuel. These uses normally occur within a geographical and/or temporal concentration resulting in an environmental impact that can be considerably larger than from a similar amount of wood fuel used in households.
The industries selected are brick burning and tobacco curing. The primary region is Iringa, in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania, but some comparative investigations will also be carried out in Arusha, in the north. It is anticipated that in future, with practical results from Iringa, MWEM will extend its activities on small industries to other regions.
A guiding principle of the project is to involve the final beneficiaries as early and to as full an extent as possible. This includes the people who will improve use of wood fuel in their own industries, as well as those who are responsible for management of woodlands and the environment in general.
Agreements have been made between SEI, MWEM, the Regional Forestry Officer and the local Brick Making Committee of Igumbilo (a village where brick making is very important), to jointly execute the experimental programme. A number of local brick makers already know how to do basic measurements, and will do much of this work under the supervision of the MWEM/RFO project management.
It is already known from Igumbilo that the villagers see the use of wood fuel in brick making as a serious problem. Deforestation, and resulting land erosion, is severe, and much of it is attributed to wood fuel use. Further, much of the wood fuel used in the brick kilns is purposely cut from the nearest natural miombo woodland. Most of the forest in close proximity of the village has already disappeared. To improve their situation, the villagers have on their own started to plant eucalyptus trees for wood fuel production, but have had problems related to land rights, even though the eucalyptus grows very well. The double approach of reducing demand through improved kilns and increasing supply through plantations, seems to be well understood and attractive to the villagers. (Per Johan Svenningsson, SEI , 1994).
The Mwanza Rural Housing Programme (MRHP) has trained villagers in northern Tanzania to set up enterprises making high-quality bricks from local clay, fired with agricultural residues rather than wood. These enterprises have made sufficient bricks to construct over 100,000 homes with greatly improved comfort and durability, in 70 villages.
Mwanza, the second city of Tanzania, is on the southern shores of Lake Victoria. The area close to the lake is fertile, but further away the land and people are poorer and there is extensive deforestation. Here houses are usually made from mud, and need frequent repairs and rebuilding because of damage from rain and minor earth tremors. Using wood to make durable, fired bricks has exacerbated the deforestation.
MRHP has developed processes for making high-quality bricks from local clay, which are fired using readily-available agricultural residues like rice husk and cotton waste, instead of wood. Houses made from the fired bricks are durable, comfortable and clean. Homeowners are freed from the hassle of frequent rebuilding, and many use their improved housing for businesses as well. The quality of the bricks is such that they are now being used in building programmes in the city as well as in the rural areas.
MRHP has trained local people in brick-making and business management, and has provided loans through a savings-and-credit scheme to start businesses. This has enabled over 50 brick-making businesses to become established in the 70 villages where MRHP works. MRHP itself operates a large kiln which is fired using sawdust. To date about 100,000 homes have been built using bricks from MRHP businesses. MRHP also runs a programme of tree planting and reforestation in all the project villages, and has trained entrepreneurs to make and sell efficient cooking stoves. (http://www.ashdenwards.org/winners/mrhp) - 07/09/2009
Mwanza Rural Housing Programme (MRHP), which is based in Mwanza, Tanzania's second city, works in 70 villages further away from Lake Victoria which suffer from extensive deforestation and high levels of poverty. Houses in these villages are usually made from mud and need frequent repairs and rebuilding as they are easily damaged by heavy rain and minor earth tremors.
MRHP has developed a system to make bricks from local clay which uses readily-available agricultural residues like rice husk and cotton waste, instead of wood, to fire the bricks, for which it won a 2006 Ashden Award. It has trained local people in brick making and business management and enabled over 50 brick making businesses to start up.
According to the MRHP report actions or areas of Human Settlements include Environment (conservation), Housing (building materials and Technology), Economic Development (Informal economy)

The MRHP report also indicated the Human Settlements Achievements as follows: MRHP has developed processes for making high quality bricks from local clays and firing them using readily available agricultural residuals like rice husks, cotton waste and coffee husks. Houses made from the fired bricks are durable,clean,health (insect free) comfortable and freed from hassle of frequent rebuilding.

The quality of bricks is such a way that they are now been used to by PPF Pensions Fund to construct 3,000 quality- houses in Kiseke Mwanza city for its low income members. The bricks are also been used to construct classsrooms in the villages and urban areas of Mwanza to facilitate Tanzanian government programme of universal primary education-The health programme to construct village health centre in Mwanza have also recommendaded use of MRHP bricks. (The cost of cement is very high-17,000Tzs a bag of 50kgs).

Brickmaking using MRHP processes have been approved to an international quality starndard and this has enabled enterprises run on the MRHP model to sell to the high quality housing market. The bricks which have been produced by MRHP and its trained entrepreneurs have been used to build an average of 1500 houses in each of 70 villages where MRHP works amounting to a total of over 100,000 homes. Most houses are constructed from mo re urbanized villages known as trading centres because they have pontential for commercial use. MRHP has equiped many artisans and entrepreneurs with the skills to establish and operate brick making enterprises. They are now over 50 kilns in MRHP working areas in addition there is one large parmanent kiln at MRHP Demonstration centre.

Using agricultural waste for brick making reduces the pressure on the scarce wood supply in Mwanza. Prior to MRHP work brick makers had even started to cut down mango trees as fuelwood. MRHP has estimated that the traditional firing of 3000 bricks needed for a typical house consumes one cubic metre of fuelwood; the MRHP entreprenuers have produced 300million bricks which have avoided the use of about 100,000 cubic metres of wood (roughly 50,000 tons). In addition, the agriculture resdues is produced sustaibably and burning does not contribute a net amount of carbondioxide to the atmosphere, unlike burning wood.
Homes built from fired bricks are more durable, comfortable and clean than homes built with mud. MRHP developed a mould so all bricks can be made the same size. After drying in the sun, about 4,500 bricks are stacked into a specified shape to make a temporary kiln (made of the bricks that are being fired, and dismantled as soon as firing is complete), with an outside wall made of unfired bricks. The agricultural residue is poured between the stacked bricks. Users find it much easier to pack a kiln with residue than with wood because it flows more easily into the gaps between the bricks.
Paper or dried grass is used to start the fire which then ignites the residue. This burns slowly for three days during which time the bricks are fired. After four days the kiln is cool enough to be dismantled and the bricks are ready for sale. MRHP encourages brick-makers to build a simple canopy over the temporary kilns to protect bricks from rain which can be damaging during brick making, drying and firing. The development of the kiln system has been participatory with entrepreneurs feeding back suggestions for modifications.
Youths are employed in brick making firing bricks, constructing low-cost houses (especially classrooms) 350 artisans engaged. Women are producing Energy saving stoves for sell 840 persons (men and women) are engaged in the project and each person employs five persons to accomplish the activity, creating employment up to, 4,200 persons. In 2005, the biggest MRHP production units of Kiseke and Missungwi employed over 100 youths in brick production A few youths are engaged in the solar PVCs installations for the technology recently introduced.
MRHP has supported 50 field kilns under sheds that can make fire bricks even during the rainy season. The project has installed-14,000 Energy saving stoves, (Upesi stoves and mud stoves 600 in @ 70 MRHP villages). Women have earned 21,000 pound sterling, installed 13 -PVCS since year-2004-2005 (two system in Health centres, one education centre and 10 to individual households).

The project has constructed a permanent channel kiln with a built up area of 48.41 square metre with a chimney of 2.8 square metre under a shed measuring 252 square metre The kiln was built with the assistant of a retired German Engineer called Gehard Merschmeyer through correspondence.. The construction started in year 2001 to 2002. Tests continued to year 2003. The kiln was targeted to use Rice husks but it has proved better with the cotton agro - waste. Since year 2004 to date the kiln is operating efficiently. The kiln is saving fuel by 75% only little fuel wood is needed during pre-heating. The kiln is firing 5,000 bricks measuring 29cm*14cm*9 cm at a time.

The system of firing bricks by use Rice husks or cotton waste has served 20%-30% fuel wood consumption. This is measured by-comparing firewood kiln and rice husk kiln. This is field research carried out by housing technicians over the last 10 years.

The energy saving stoves; saves 10% to 20% energy. This is again field experience. Solar technology has produced 849 WP DC/AC and is measured in Watt peak Approximately 5,000 people have benefited and also benefit the local environment reducing deforestation and improving waste management, while the use of timber and poles for construction of houses can have short term relief to residents, harvesting of firewood for firing bricks is generally the most environmentally damaging activity in the villages in the long term. Therefore the use of rice husks and cotton-waste in firing bricks saves the environment from deforestation, soil erosion

Before the introduction of the project woodlands, trees in hills, mango trees old as 100 years, along catchments area were invaded for wanting of trees s fuel-wood for brick firing leading to severe deforestation and climatic changes. With the introduction of alternative energy to fire bricks and for heating the situation has improved environmentally/reasonably

3.3 Policy Literature review
There are number of polices and pieces of legislation that relate to and affect unplanned/informal settlements. A critical land policy is the 1995 National Land Policy which effectively prohibited the removal of informal settlement and committed the government to upgrading them instead. The local government urban councils act of 1982 and subsequent legislation effectively restored local government as an institution, restoring to it the responsibility for service provision. The government’s ongoing urban sector policy reform is designed to create an institution environment more conducive to the sustainable development and delivery of urban infrastructure and services. Though the world supported Urban Sector Engineering Project (USRP) began in 1995 contained the government issues, the role of the private sector and community participation.

The government have recognized the importance of the urban sector in national social economic development and conducted a human settlements review and prepared a strategy which aims at “creating sustainable development in urban centres for improving living conditions in informal settlements, alleviating poverty, stimulating economic growth and employment and improving the urban environment”.

The project is also supporting the MKUKUTA strategy cluster I and II which is about growth of the economy and reduction in income poverty and improvement of quality of life and social well being. The project is in support of the strategy because by improving the brick qualities the quality of life will be improved through building of good quality houses and also income will increase and thus poverty reduction.

Different reports such as a report on UN HABITAT III Human Settlement were also reviewed. in 1996, the heads of countries or states or governments and the official delegation of countries assembled at the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) in Istanbul Turkey. They endorsed universal goals of ensuring adequate shelter for all and making human settlements safer, healthier and more livable, equitable, sustainable and productive. They committed themselves to improve the living condition in human settlements in ways that are consonant with local needs and realities, and we acknowledge the need to address the global, economic, social and environmental trend to ensure the creation of better living environment for all people.
As per UN – HABITAT housing adequate can be realized only when building materials are durable and accessable. The project will help the achievement of the UN HABITAT of ensuring adequate shelter for all and making human settlements safer, healthier and more livable, equitable, sustainable and productive to

• The Ministry of Lands and Human Settlements Development is in charge of settlement-related issues. Local authorities are under the supervision of this ministry and the ministry for Regional administration and Local government at the local level, the BDC is responsible. Through its Urban Planning Committee, the BDC is in charge of municipal development and land management issues.

• The 1995 Land Policy, the 2000 Human Settlement Development Policy, the 2000 Housing Programme, and other government orders strengthen the above acts, ensuring effective land management in the country, community infrastructure upgrading and legalisation Programme. The policies support the project as the project aims at improving the housing conditions, but the houses will not be built if land is un accessible.

3.4 The Gap identified in the Literature
In much of the literature that has been reviewed, it has been found that the Policies did not explain or put much emphasis on how to make or get the building materials to improve the houses conditions. The literature emphasis is on the construction of quality houses but not how to improve the building materials, so the policies should lay out the strategies for building materials as essential for the improvement of the houses in both urban and rural areas.

As per UN – HABITAT housing adequate plans and strategies, They have the plans and strategy but did not indicate on how the building materials can be found or made. This plan can only be realized only when building materials are durable and accessible.

In order to realize the housing quality improvement, there should be an improvement in the quality and quantity of the building materials such as bricks/blocks, roofing materials and others, which can be enhanced through building capacity in management in different projects. That is why the brick making project seemed to be very important to the community of Kimange.

3.5 Conclusion
This chapter examined literature review on Capacity building in housing for rural Countries. Different authors have been conducted. Differrent similar project were also observed. The policies related to the subject were identified and the Gaps were explored.



CHAPTER FOUR: PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

This chapter will identify what plans have already been implemented, how and when. It will also show which activities remained to be implemented and when will they be implemented. The chapter consists two aspects, the implementation plan and the actual implementation.

4.1 Project Products and Outputs
Outputs
Production increased from 2000 to 4000 bricks to 6000 to 10000 per month depending on the season. The numbers of houses in the village built using this type of bricks has increased from 6 to 20 houses and many other are in the early stages for construction
Skills have improved
Products
Good accommodation
Community health has been improved
The group has managed to buy a plot of land worth 0.2million for investment from the income generated by selling the bricks.
The group has accumulated Tsh.1.2million and the group has opened a bank account with NMB Chalinze

4.2 Project Implementation Plan and Actual Implementation
4.2.1 Project Implementation Plan
The plan took place with the help of the community of Kimange village and took place before the actual implementation. The project plan included fifteen activities to be undertaken which include training the members on how to do the business or become effective entrepreneur, conduct training on how to keep records or to do business efficiently, train members on the importance of serving and how to serve and secure finances from Banks/financial, opening a bank account for the project, Identify area to build the shed, training the member on how to make the bricks from soil and lime. The project implementation Gantt chart is attached as Appendix 7. The activities were conducted in one year period and the time for each activity was attached to Appendix 7.

4.2.1.1 Project input
In the implementation of the above project various inputs were introduced and supplied. These included man power and staffs. Funds also were to be raised from different sources to tackle the activities shown in the project implementation plan. The inputs used in the whole process of implementing the project include Tsh 140,000.00 for Transport, Tsh. 45,000.00 for Stationeries used for Building capacity on brick makers establishment and management to community member by 2009: Tsh140,000.00 for Transport and Tsh. 25,000.00 for Stationeries used when Organizing community to prepare strategic plan by 2009: also the project used Tsh. 140,000.00 for Transport and Tsh. 45,000.00 for Stationeries during Capacitate brick makers committee on local resource mobilization and utilization by 2009. Groups were formed and registered. The members of the groups were identified and after identifying the training needs training was conducted by the hired consultants on brick making, keeping records, serving and borrowing money from different financial institutions.

4.2.1.2 Budget
The project expenses which include stationeries, transport, machines and construction of a shelter amounted to Tsh.4.3 million for its short plans.

4.3 Project Actual Implementation Report
After a long discussion with the community we came up with the following objectives:
i. To improve the skills of the members in making bricks:
ii. To improve the quality of the building material and sell at low
iii. Improve the housing conditions in the village
iv. To improve skills on how to do business
v. To increase the saving skills and ability

The activities undertaken to Achieve Project Objectives
The activities were implemented according to the objectives pre planned. Each activity was accomplished as per objective requirements as follows:

• Objectve 1 To improve the skills of the members in making bricks:
Activity undertaken: Using a hired consultant, the brick makers were trained on how to make the bricks using soil and lime.
• Objectve 2 To improve the quality of the bricks:
Activity undertaken: The brick makers were trained on how to make bricks
using soil and lime using the right ratio so that the the bricks produced become
strong than the ones produced before the training. The shapes also has improved
as the trainer also taught on how to make different moles and sell at low cost.
• Objectve 3 Improve the housing conditions in the village:
Activity undertaken: The brick makers had also been trained on how to build
houses using those bricks with lime or mud so that they become trainers of the
others on how to build their houses by redbrick
· Objectve 4:To improve skills on how to do business:
Activity undertaken: Brick makers trained on how to do the business or entrepreneur, training on how to keep records or to do business efficiently was also done. Brick makers were also trained on how to do business and become successfully entrepreneurs. They were also trained on how to keep records and the importance of keeping records. The importance of serving and how to save and secure finances from different banks and financial institutions.



Project Implementation Methodology
Participatory methods were used in implementing the project. All brick makers were involved in making decisions and also during the implementation. Different consultants and trainers were invited to train and counsel on different issues such as financial matters or technical matters in making the bricks.

To achieve objective one
Participatory methods were used in implementing the project. All brick makers were involved in making decisions and also during implementation. In order to achieve objective one it was agreed between the brick makers that they should invite a trainer from other brick makers at Mkata or Chalinze villages. After considering all the possible difficulties they decide to invite the trainer from Mkata because they speak the same languages and have similar culture. The train took place for two weeks. The brick makers has improved their skills in molding the shapes, the quality had improved and also the quantity of brick produced in a day has increased. From 50 -100 in a day to 200 – 300 in a day.

To achieve objective two
The brick makers were trained on how to make bricks using soil and lime using the right ratio so that the bricks produced become strong than the ones produced before the training. The shape also has improved as the trainer also taught on how to make different molds and sell at low cost. Few bi laws were made to make the brick makers participate fully in all activities.

To achieve objective three
The brick makers had also been trained on how to build houses using those bricks with cement, cement lime or mud so that they become trainers of the others on how to build their houses by redbrick. By making the brick makers more involved in the implementation, they become more participative and have a feeling of owning the project and thus work hard for the success.

To achieve objective four
Brick makers trained on how to do the business or entrepreneur, training on how to keep records or to do business efficiently was also done. Brick makers were also trained on how to do business and become successfully entrepreneurs. They were also trained on how to keep records and the importance of keeping records.

Skills on the importance of serving and how to serve and secure finances from different banks and financial institutions were provided by a trainer from SACCOs

4.4 Conclusion
Chapter four was about implementation plan and the actual implementation. The break down in the budget and all inputs were shown. All outputs and products of the projects were identified. The activities that lead to the achievement of the objectives were conducted and well analysed in chapter four.




















CHAPTER V
PARTICIPATORY MONITORING, EVALUATION AND SUSTAINABILITY

Monitoring and evaluation is one of the important activities; throughout the project cycle monitoring and evaluation was conducted, that is from the beginning of the project to the end. The process involved all stakeholders of the project who include: community members, CED practitioners, customers and the brick makers

The process involved physical verification of project output and results. The main activities which took place in undertaking monitoring and evaluation included review and agree on indicators, data collection, storage, analysis and dissemination of data to all project stakeholders.

Monitoring and Evaluation
The following constitutes the Monitoring and evaluation and deliverables:
· Reports on meeting and consultancy
· Progress project report
· Analytical reports as a result of the conducted survey
· End of project report and
· Other relevant documents as indicated in appendix 10 which also shows the tools used under each objective.

5.1 Participatory Monitoring
Monitoring is the process of routinely gathering information on all aspects of the project. Monitoring provides managers within formations needed to analyze current situation, identify problems and find solutions, discover trends and patterns keep project activities on schedule, Measure progress toward objectives and formulate goals and objectives, and make decisions about human, financial and material resources.

5.1.1 Research Objectives and Research questions
The objective of monitoring are
i. To ensure things are done as planned regarding to the time scheduled and inputs planned and meetings.
ii. To evaluate if the commencing activities are in line with the action plan objectives and strategy in order to make remedies
iii. To find out what are the weakness
iv. To find out how far is the project adheres to discipline, accountability, transparency and rule of law.
v. To find out if there is adequate resources Pre implementation monitoring which aimed to keep project activities planned implemented regarding the activities schedule, availability of inputs required and the willingness and readiness of the community to implement the project so the expected outputs realized.
vi. To check out project activities performance in order to realize project achievement in terms of efficiency and effectiveness with regards to inputs uses and time located.

5.1.2 The research questions for monitoring process were
i. Does the project make progress in relation to action plan?
ii. Hoe far are the stakeholders accountable to the project activities?
iii. Do the staff of the project work hormonally with the rest of the stakeholders?

Monitoring Methodology
5.1.3 Research designs, methods and Tools
A descriptive research design was employed during the monitoring process of the project where by qualitative method were used. Monitoring involved systematic and continuous assessment of the process of the projects towards preset indicators for each planned activity to accomplish the objectives set at the set time and resources. The project stakeholders regularly monitor the performance related to jointly agreed actions, indicators and target on line with the project implementation plan.

The project stakeholders used the following tools during monitoring the project process: field visiting reports, review of service delivery reports, review of the account of the project, bank statements, observations, periodic report, daily record, registers and interviews.

5.1.4 Results of the Monitoring process
The data obtained from monitoring process were analyzed using excels computer progress and the results of the findings are presented as follows:
· Progress and alignment to the work plan
Participatory Monitoring has been conducted as it was planned. Monitoring
methods used include Participatory rural appraisal, and beneficiary Assessment
· Efficiency and effectiveness in financial Resources utilization
Participatory Monitoring has been conducted on how efficiently the resources especially financial Resources has been utilized. It was found that the resources were well utilized and where there was divergent, either a train was conducted or explanation was given.
· Implementation of the planned activities
Many activities has been implemented as planned in the implementation plan. The plan for evaluation and monitoring process was planned as shown in the attached Appendix 10

5.1.5 Monitoring Indicators
· Quality bricks produced,
· Increased quantity,
· Implementation– if the progress adheres and align with the work plan,
· Governance,
· Personnel responsibilities and accountabilities and
· Efficiency and effectiveness in financial resources utilization

5.2 Participatory Evaluation
Evaluation is the process of gathering and analyzing information to determine whether the project is carrying out its planned activities and the extent to which the project is achieving objectives. Where participatory evaluation is an opportunity for both outsiders and insiders to stop and reflect on the past in order to make decision in order about the future. Insiders are encouraged and supported by the outsiders to take responsibility and control of ; planning what is to be evaluated; how the evaluation will be done; carrying out the evaluation and analyzing information and presenting evaluation results.

5.2.1 Evaluation Methodology
5.2.1.1 Research Objectives
The objectives of evaluation were to evaluate the progress on the work plan, implementation of the planned activities, achievement of the objectives, effectiveness of the project, and efficiency /cost effectiveness of the project. The objectives can be mentioned as:
· To assess whether the project achieved the broader and specific objectives intended by the project
· To assess how effective and efficient is the project in utilizing financial resources

5.2.1.2 The Research Questions
The Research Questions guided the evaluation process were
· How far did the project achieve the goals?
· How far did the project achieve its specific objectives?
· How far did the project sustainability assured?
· Did the all project stakeholders involved and fully participated in the project? planning, implementing, monitoring and evaluating of the project?

5.2.1.3 Research Designs, Methods and Tools
A descriptive research design was used in the process of evaluation where by the methods of quantitative and qualitative were used. The research methods which were used include the participatory evaluation methods such as action planning, responsibility, beneficiary assessment, resourcefulness and self assessment methods.

Evaluation of this project was conducted periodically. It was carried out by internal members and CED practitioner, and also by the donor. The evaluation process evaluated progress on the work plan, Implementation of the planned activities, achievement of the objectives, effectiveness of the project, and efficiency /cost effectiveness of the project. The following indicators for each objective was used to evaluate the project.

The evaluation was planned to be conducted at the end of the project implementation to measure the outcomes, outputs and results of the project implementation and provide remedies where deviation has been noted. Evaluation conducted basing on the planned activities; achievement of objectives, impact of the project in terms of inputs, outputs and impact indicators, efficiency and cost, effectiveness of the project, stakeholders involvement in implementing project activities and financing the project.

5.2.1.4 Results from the Participatory Evaluation
Qualitative data were analyzed using excel computers programme at the end of the project implementation considering the set indicators. The results were presented as follows:
· Attainment of the broader project goal
· Achievements of the specific objectives
· Level of stakeholders participation in implementing the project activities
· Quantity of outputs produced from the project
So far the evaluation done shows that there is big improvement as the
production increased
· Quality of outputs produced from the project
· Efficiency and effectiveness in financial resources utilization

and at least they are able to serve a certain amount in bank, the group have already opened an account and started to serve in NBC Bank. Members had been. trained according to their needs.

Objectives were achieved though some of the goals will are still in the implementation stage. The brick makers have been trained and they apply the knowledge in making the bricks. The bricks quality has improved as they were no breaking of bricks after the training. Production increased from 2000 – 4000 bricks to 6000-10000 per month depending on the season. The numbers of houses in the village built using this type of bricks has increased have increased from 6 to 20 houses and many other are in the early stages for construction

The group has managed to buy a plot of land worth 0.2million for investment. The group has accumulated Tsh.1.2million and the group has opened a bank account with NMB Chalinze

Achievements of the specific objectives
specific objectives are also achieved though some of the goals are still in the implementation stage. The brick makers have been trained on how to make bricks, how to serve and how to access loans.

Level of stakeholders participation in implementing the project activities
Level of stakeholders participation in implementing the project activities had been increased as they feel that the project belong to them.

Quantity of outputs produced from the project
So far the evaluation done shows that there is big improvement as the production increased

Quality of outputs produced from the project
Quality of the bricks has also improved. After using the shapes of the bricks look very attractive as they were well molded. The bricks are now more strong and durable.

Efficiency and effectiveness in financial resources utilization
Members were trained according to their needs. They were trained on how to make bricks using lime and soil. They were trainedon the importantof serving and taking loans. The brick members are now capable of serving certain amount in bank, the group have already opened an account and started to serve in NBC Bank. The rule of law(good governance) now applies effectively that people are held responsible for their actions.


5.2.1.7 Reliability and the Validity of the relevant data
Due to the fact that the designing process, implementation of the project included all stakeholders and done based on the set objectives, data collection, analysis, and presentation of the results also involved the stakeholders to make sure the data are valid and reliable.

5.2.1.8 Evaluation Indicators
The stakeholder of the project agreed on the following indicators into which the evaluation the evaluation processes will base
· Attainment of the broader project goal
· Achievements of the specific objectives
· Level of stakeholders participation in implementing the project activities
· Quality of outputs produced from the project
· Quantity of outputs produced from the project
Efficiency and effectiveness in financial resources utilization

5.3.3 Project sustainability
Sustainability relates to how your project ensures its capacity to function regardless of changes in external funding sources. In order for the project to be sustainable, the project should continue to use lime and soil as they will never suffer from forest deficits and also this can reduce the use of fire wood and thus save the forests which have been destroyed by the timber and charcoal makers.
Sustainability plan
The continuation of several outputs, which would be used as inputs for the whole process of financial in the community under study, distinct elsewhere in Tanzania and outside of access.

Strategies for Sustainability
The project is expected to help many people in the village or out of the village. Many strategies are planned to make the project sustainable, these strategies include the following:

Financial Sustainability
Invest in other building material like cement, iron sheets and timber and sell to make a profit. Using the profit they make to buy more machines for making the bricks for other villagers to hire and pay some money to the group, providing skill for maintaining the machines and investing in other activities like agriculture,

Institutional Sustainability
There should be a vision, mission and values. The group decides on what is their vision and mission as follows:

Vision
To become the main producer of the redbrick and trainers in the ward
Mission
Producing higher quality redbrick sold at an affordable price to satisfy customer within the area

Networking
Networking with other organizations is important for institutional sustainability. It is planned in future to have connections with other brick makers so that the members learn more knowledge in the business.

Conducting Performance Reviews
Conducting performance reviews, training more new skills if they may come into view, prepare by-laws which will guide members of what they have to do and not to do and find an office for the business.

Political Sustainability
It is planned that in future they has to register the group to gain government support for the project and produce quality bricks to gain community support and participation

Sustainability Plan
Using the profit they make, the group members agreed to buy more machines for making the bricks which will be used by other villagers to hire and pay some money to the group, and also to buy a big machine with high capacity of producing the bricks.
Providing skill for maintaining the machines,
Investing in other activities like agriculture,
Investing in other building materials like timber, iron sheets, steel, and cement, and
Training more new skills that come into view and building houses for renting.

5.4 Conclusion
This chapter summarises the monitoring and evaluation process conducted during the implementation process of the brick makers project. The chapter also describes the plans for making the project sustainable.












CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusion
From the results of the participatory need assessment, the problem of housing seemed to be the most pressing problem as 100% of the respondents of the questionnaires. The project was implemented after passing through various process. According to all references above no one talked much about housing situation in rural area in Tanzania. That is the region where people live in very poor and unhealthy huts and dwellers.

This chapter one undertook participatory assessment in four sectors that is community, economic, environmental and health. The findings under each category are discussed and from those results the stresses and their causes were identified. Also the assets were explored. It is from the stresses the project was selected from the most pressing issue and the one seemed to cross cut all area of assessment. Housing was the most pressing issue as for example if the brick making project improve its products quality and quantity, it will be easy for the villagers to build hospital or a health centre, and also a secondary school can be easily and cheaply constructed.

Economical assessment was conducted at Kimange village and the most pressing stress included Lack of market, Poor houses, Poor financial services which were caused by Low level of community mobilization and business knowledge, Lack of funds and materials for building quality houses. Although there was that stress the community have different economical opportunities which include Economical assets, Fertile land, Good environment for poultry units and High need of building materials especially bricks and blocks

Environmental assessment was also conducted to find the most pressing stress and was found that the stress included lack of trees which is the main source of building material, fire wood and medicines, losing the fertile land to new comers (Migrants). The stresses were caused by Low level of knowledge on the important of natural resources, Lack of awareness on good governance at village level. Although there were those stress the community have different Environmental opportunities which include A group which decided to take care of the environment called UMAKI, Youth voluntarism increases in activities they believe will bring changes to the community and There are strength and opportunities existing in the community which can be utilized to resolve the situations concerning environment conservation; such as land for replanting trees

Health stress found included increasing risks of under five and maternal death which is caused by poor knowledge on martenity perion care. In Kimange village people still believe in some traditions medicines which are good for health also the traditional nurses were helping women during birth.


6.2 Recommendation
Experience and findings from this project have revealed that, poor education status of the leaders, lack of commitments, poor plans, lack of knowledge and skills, declining for social relationship and bad cultural believes and practices; contribute to multi faceted problems in the community. Therefore, CED strategies are vital to resolve the conditions through enhancing self reliance and reduce donor dependence since most of the time what communities suffered from was intervened rather than what donors think is indirect important to the community and with direct benefits to donors; which caused key problems left untouched or temporary resolved.

The Government should put more effort to solve the problem now, because as the time passed it become more difficult to solve. The Government needs to have good policies on housing and strategies to solve the problems, and the strategies must aim at making the housing development sector sustainable. The government itself should invest in providing affordable housing or and sector sustainable. The government itself should invest in providing affordable housing or and call many private organizations to invest in the housing sector; the house be affordable by many. The policies should also say something on housing in rural areas, where people live in very poor and unhealthy dwellers.

The whole community has to be educated on the issue of housing. By getting education they can understand their problem and decide to change by building their houses in the planned areas, instead of the unplanned area. Poor housing is also a cause of different disease like diarrhoea and malaria; so by helping our people to have affordable hosing we help them to improve their health also.

The Government should invest on building capacity of the community and providing knowledge so that people will be aware of what they want and what is really needed for the betterment of their lives. This can be mostly supported by the primary school education, with a little knowledge they have it becomes easy to add more skills. The government is trying wit the introduction of PEDP and SEDP, primary and secondary education is now becoming universal, but more efforts are needed to make the education provided have the quality required.

There is a possibility of housing to be one of the reasons why people run away from their villages to urban areas. For example if a person have a good house with water and electricity, this can reduce the number of people in shifting to town. According to Kironde, over the past 40 years urbanization; that is the proportional change between the population living in rural areas and that living urban areas has become one of the most important trends in human settlements developments (Ngware & Kironde; 2002:22).

So far big efforts are made to provide shelter for people in urban area. For example we all witness the effort done by the Government of Tanzania to build houses at Dodoma and Bunju area in Dar es Salaam, though the beneficiaries are few and actually benefit those who gain much money and not the poor people because the houses are sold at higher prices low earning people cannot afford. At least we see some effort to it, but it will be better if the housing planners should plan to build houses using cheap materials so that the houses can use low cost and thus be sold at lower price and thus become affordable to the low earning people. The selling of government houses may also help some civil workers have permanent shelters live-in; but it is time now for the policy makers and the strategies direct the efforts to rural area. They need cooperatives for building houses and with help of community workers they can do something which is recognizable. Engineers who are dealing with buildings should sometimes pay visit to the rural areas to advice villagers on how to improve their houses quality and housing conditions.

Many good policies have been established but no success implementation of it. Leaders should make follow up. The policy makers must also give the way on how those policies could be implemented.

The government through community development practitioners must build capacity of poor people who live in rural area for training people on technical skills which may encourage them to find out if there are cheap materials in their area which can be used to improve their housing situation and thus reduce time used for repairing their houses, instead use the time to concentrate much on development activities such as agriculture and business.




















REFERRENCES
Ann Philbin, Capacity Building in Social Justice Organizations Ford Foundation,
(1996)
Centre for community enterprise (2000). The community resilience manual, A resource
for rural recovery and renewal; CCE Publications; Port Alberni B.C.
CEDPHA, 1994, Project Design for Program Managers, Washington DC, USA
en.wikipedia.or/wiki/housing
Geyer Catherine: Flanners address Need for Affordable Housing available at
http:/www.thesignal.com?moula=displaystud&story-dd=21193 -;17/10/2007
Mitchel, M AND Bevan A, (1992); Culture and Housing, Community and tradition in
low income building VSO/IT Publication, London ,UK
National Human Settlements Developments Policy, The United Republic of Tanzania
Red David (2006), Economic Change, Governance & Natural Resources wealth,
Earthscan Publication ltd-UK.
Rodd Lug (2006), Quantity not quality is key for Green Housing Affordable honest
available at http://www.midlands-housing.co.uk/nnews/quality-not-quantity- is-k. 17/10/2007
Southern New Hampshire University (2007-2009), Community Economic
Development Program, Students hand Book
The Habitat Agenda, Goal and Principles commitments and Global plan of action United Nation conference on Human settlements (HABITAT III) Istanbul Turkey 3-14
june 1996
Appendix 3.
Background information about the village
Kimange village is in Mbwewe ward Bagamoyo district situated along Chalinze-Segera road. Before the villagers were living according to their clans; brought together in 1975 followed Mwalimu Nyerere call for Ujamaa village. When transferred each group made the street in the village. The village is neighbouring Lupungwi village in the East, Pongwe Kiona village in the West; in the North the village is neighbouring Mbwewe and in the South to Masimbani and Miono.

There are about 4322 people in the Kimange village, among which 2335 are woman and 2015 are women. Most of these people are Wazigua in tribe. There are also few migrants from other part of the country who actually joined the village in the late 1996. They include people from Wasukuma, Wasambaa, Wahehe, Wapare, Wagogo, Wanyamwezi and Wamaluli. They came at the village for making timber and charcoal; only few were interested to invest in agriculture. Before these new tribes joined the village; all villagers were Muslims; but currently there are few Christians who may be businessmen and some teachers.

In Kimange there is a total of 593 houses in which only 173 houses are owned by women and 420 houses are owned by men (families). The houses condition are very bad (poorly builded houses); not only because they used traditional materials but the way they construct their houses is the problem. They use trees called Majengo in Kiswahili and some piece of long sticks (Fito) which are tied horizontally to the Majengo usig ropes from trees known as Miyombo. Then they use mud to fill the whole. The process of mudding (kukanda) is done after covering the top (roof) with dry grass.



Appendix 4
Needs assessment
Community, Economic, Environment & Health Assessment results
Current situation
Causes
solution
Strengths
Declining of volunteerism among the community
-Absence of open mind process in Decision making.
-Poor community mobilization
skills
- low level of leaders
committements
Establishment of different approach\means to deal with various problems
Human capital
Development program i.e. capacity empowerment to local leaders.
Poor local leadership
- Low level of education.
-Inadequate means of information
Sharing.
-inadequate capacity empowerments.
- On job training
-capacity building
Development funds for
Capacity building.
- Presence of ward
Development committee.
- Local Government
Authority
Pending or postponed of priorities plans/projects
Poor community mobilization
- Lack of commitment among
leaders
- Dependence of external support
Establishment of
approach\means to deal with various problems
Human capital
- Development partners e.g.
TASAF
-Local government authority
In adequate informal businesses
-Lack of capital
-Lack of loan application & it uses
knowledge
-Poor entrepreneurship skills

- Establishment of
approach\means to deal with various problems -
Presence of livestock
-Financial institutions e.g.
Community Bank SACCOS
--Development partners e.g.
RFSP program
Arable land
Inadequate sustainable water infrastructure
-Lack of proper plan to implement water projects
-Poor leadership
-Lack of funds
- Establishment of
approach\means to deal with various problems
Presence of Water sources
-Local Government Authority
- Development funds
-Development partners e.g. TASAF,
-Presence of Man power
Unaffordable housing
-Lack of funds
-Poor plans
-Insufficient land tenure
Establishment of
approach\means to deal with various problems
- train leaders in different project management techniques to make those projects sustainable
Local Government
-Land
-Availability of local building materials e.g. red bricks.
Forests depletion
-Increasing demand of energy
-Increase demand for houses
construction materials
reforestation
Land Human power Development partners e.g. PFM
Insufficient water supply
Inadequate water sources
Establishment of
approach\means to deal with various problems
Development funds
Presence of human power
Soil erosion
Poor farming system used at the steep slope
Use better methods
In cultivation
District Experts
Local human power
Soil infertility
-Excessive use of same land for many years for agricultural inputs
-.introduce the use of manual fertilizers
Arable land-Traditional soil fertility control techniques
Stock epidemic
Absence of health facility
Construct Dispensary
Expand outreach
services
Presence of district hospital
Human power
District Hospital
Increasing risks of under five and maternal death.
Dependency of traditional healers
Construct Dispensary
Expand outreach
services


























Appendix 5

Questionnaires
These questions are for participatory assessment; they include community assessment, economic assessment, environmental and health assessment. You are required to circle the answer you think it fits more to your situation than others.

The researcher is a student at the Open University and New Southern Hampshire University doing her Master Degree in Community Economic Development. The completion of this research questions will help to get the data which will be used to improve the situation in your community, and also at the same time help the researcher to be able to graduate for the degree.
1. Identity number ( )

2. Gender?
(i) Male
(ii) Female

3. Age?
(i) 10 – 30
(ii) 31 – 60
(iii) 61 – 75

4. Education?
(i) Primary
(ii) Secondary
(iii) University
(iv)Vocational training
(v) Adult education
(vi)No Formal Education

5. Marital status?
(i) Married
(ii) Widow
(iii) Single
(iv) Divorced

6. Occupations
(i) Farmer (includes fishing, livestock keeping)
(ii) Employed
(iii) Retired
(iv) House keeping
(v) Petty business
(vi) Other
7. Do you participate in community activities?
i. yes
ii. no

8. If not why……………………………………………………………………………
….................................................................................................................................
………………………………………………………………………………………….

9. Do you participate in decision making?
i. yes
ii. no

10. In the list below, who do you think participate more in decision making?
i. Men
ii. Women
iii. I don’t know

11. What are your opinions on community members’ participation of people in self
Help activities?
i. Very good
ii. Good
iii. Average
iv. Poor
v. I don’t know

12. What are your opinions on the quality of local leadership?
i. Very good
ii. Good
iii. Average
iv. Poor
v. I don’t know

13. Does the leaders involve the community members in decision making?
i. yes
ii. no

14. Does the process of making decision encourage new ideas and alternative point of
view?
i. yes
ii. No

15. Are all kind of people involved?
i. yes
ii. no
16. Are the region leaders deals adequately with poverty?
i. yes
ii. no

17. Does essential human needs ( water, food, education) human needs remain
unfulfilled?
i. yes
ii. no

18. Is adequate health care accessible to all residents?
i. yes
ii. no

19. How is the cost of living in your village compared to other villages?
i. Very high
ii. High
iii. Average
iv. Low
20. Do you have a house of your own?
i. yes
ii. No
21. Are houses adequate in your community
i. yes
ii. No

22. What materials do you use for building your houses?
i. Mud’s with glasses
ii. block with iron sheets
iii. Muds with iron sheets
iv. All of the above

23. What materials did you use to build your houses?
i. Mud’s with glasses
ii. block with iron sheets
iii. Muds with iron sheets
iv. All of the above

24. Are any community asset such as tradition or natural resources decline?
i. yes
ii. No

25. Are education facilities sufficient?
i. yes
ii. No

26. If not what could be the problem? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

27. Are artist and cultural activities sufficient in the community?
i. yes
ii. No

28. What is the effect of the cultures on the community…………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….

29. Are there any developmental groups in your community?
i. yes
ii. No




ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
1. In the following activities which do you think is the main source of income in your village( major economic activity)?
i. Agriculture
ii. Petty cash
iii. Livestock
iv. Others

2. How does the business do?
i. Very well
ii. Not Very well
iii. well
iv. bad

3. Can your business help you to improve your business?
i. yes
ii. No

4. Can your business help you to build a new house?
i. yes
ii. No


5. Is it possible to get loans in your area?
i. yes
ii. No

6. I f the answer to question 5 is yes, who provide that loan?
i. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iv. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. How is the process of getting loans
i. Easy
ii. Difficult
iii. It depends
iv. Non of the above

8. Are there any investors in your village?
i. yes
ii. No

9. Are current pattern of community expansion helping or hurting the business?



















Appendix 6
Project Implementation plan

Activities

Project Month


Resource
Needed

Person
Responsible


1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12


Join the small groups in the community














Registering the group














Arrange meeting with the NGO













Time
Members and donors
Identify training needs













CED practitioners
Develop training plan













Trainer/ CED practitioner
Training the members on how to do the business/ entrepreneur













Time, people
Trainer
Identify a trainer to teach them on how to keep records.














Time
CED practitioner and members

Conduct training on how to keep records or to do business efficiently













Time, people. And skills
Trainer or consultancy and the members

Train members on the importance of serving and how to serve and secure finances from Banks/financial institutions













Time, people
CED practitioner/
Opening a bank account for the project













Funds, time, skills
Any member
Meet with the community













Time, people
members
Identify area to build the shed













Land, funds
members
Prepare / constructing a place (a shed) which will be roofed with grass where they can put the bricks before drying during rain seasons













Grass, land, funds, timber/ logs
members
Training the member on how to do procurement and make the bricks













Soil, cement, and lime
Brick makers/members/Technicians
Buying material/procurement















Making bricks

















































Appendix 7
Project implementation Gantt chart

Activities

Project Month


Resource
Needed

Person
Responsible


1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12


Join the small groups in the community














Registering the group














Arrange meeting with the NGO













Time
Members and donors
Identify training needs













CED practitioners
Develop training plan













Trainer/ CED practitioner
Training the members on how to do the business/ entrepreneur













Time, people
Trainer
Identify a trainer to teach them on how to keep records.














Time
CED practitioner and members

Conduct training on how to keep records or to do business efficiently













Time, people. And skills
Trainer or consultancy and the members

Train members on the importance of serving and how to serve and secure finances from Banks/financial institutions













Time, people
CED practitioner/
Opening a bank account for the project













Funds, time, skills
Any member
Meet with the community













Time, people
members
Identify area to build the shed













Land, funds
members
Prepare / constructing a place (a shed) which will be roofed with grass where they can put the bricks before drying during rain seasons













Grass, land, funds, timber/ logs
members
Training the member on how to do procurement and make the bricks













Soil, cement, and lime
Brick makers/members/Technicians
Buying material/procurement















Making bricks























CAPACITY BUILDING IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR THE BRICK MAKERS IN KIMANGE VILLAGE BAGAMOYO DISTRICT



PREPARED BY
MKWAZU CHANGWA, M.
PRESENTATION OUTLINE

· Abstract
· Introduction
· Community profile
· Participatory assessment
· Problem identified
· Literature review
· Participatory Project implementation
· Participatory Monitoring and evaluation
· Sustainability
· Conclusion

Abstract

· Housing problem has become one among the most pressing issues is the world. Many efforts has been done by different group around the world to improve the situation more people are becoming homeless. Kimange region, Tanzania.
· Among all the problems facing the villagers inadequate and poor quality houses is one of the most pressing problem and which need to be addressed without delay

INTRODUCTION

· This presentation is about the project implementation process of the project which takes place at Kimange village in Bagamoyo district
· The project is determined to build capacity of the brick makers to improve their housing conditions and sustain their business
· The participatory assessment was conducted and different problems were identified

COMMUNITY PROFILE

· The assessment was done/conducted at Kimange village. The village is situated along Chalinze-Segera road. The village that was living according to their clans; brought together in 1975 followed Mwalimu Nyerere call for Ujamaa village. When transferred each group made the street in the village
COMMUNITY PROFILR Cont...

· The village is neighouring Lupungwi village in the East, Pongwe Kiona village in the West; in the North the village is neighbouring Mbwewe and in the South to Masimbani and Miono.

Population
· There are about 4322 people in the Kimange village, among which 2335 are woman and 2015 are women Appendix 8 Power point presentation of the report












































COMMUNITY PROFILE…

Tribes
· Most of these people are Wazigua in tribe. There are also few migrants from other part of the country who actually joi9ned the village in the late 1996. They include people from Wasukuma. Wasambaa, Wahehe, Wapare, Wagogo, Wanyamwezi and Wamaluli


· They came at the village for making timber and charcoal; only few interested to invest in agriculture. Before these new tribes joined the village; all villagers were Muslims; but Christians who may be was some teachers.

COMMUNITY PROFILE …

· In Kimange there is a total of 593 houses (kaya) in which only 173 houses are owned by women and 420 houses are owned by men (families). The houses condition are very bad (poorly builded houses); not only because they used traditional materials but the way they construct their houses is the problem


· They use poles (called Majengo) in Kiswahili and some piece of log sticks (Fito) which are tied horizontally to the poles using ropes from trees known as Miyombo. Then they use mud to fill the holes. The process of mudding is done after covering the top (roof) with dry glasses.


Participatory assessment

· Participatory assessment for Kimange village in Bagamoyo district, Coast Region Tanzania was conducted
· The assessment included community, environmental, health and economic assessment

Participatory assessment

· Different methods were used or applied to collect the needed information’s
· Observation, interviews, survey and was used to gather information from community.
· Questionnaires were also used and the data collected were analyzed using SPSS and the results were presented in bar charts and pie charts.













































Composition of the sample

· The sample involved 40 people, in which 23 are men and 17 are woman
· Technical staffs such as builders were consulted.


Data analysis and interpretation

· Both qualitative and quantitative was used in data analysis
· Primary data analysis was done by use of descriptive statistics
· Statistical Packaging for Social Science was also used to analyze the data
Problem identified

· During participatory assessment different problem were identified
· The major problems include lack of schools because there is no single secondary school in the area, no vocational training institutions, few training facilities, poor housing conditions, and lack of Dispensary/hospital. There is no market where people can but and sell their products, and also there is a problem of deforestation


Participatory assessment

· Education facilities
Education facilities


yes





no

Participatory assessment…

· Houses situation
Housing adequate

120

100

90

80

60

40

20

0

Housing adequate

Participatory assessment…

· Skilled trained

Kind of trained


30


20


10


0
loan recovery skills no training provided
kind of skills trained




Project Goal

· During the project, the following goal can be achieved:
· Community housing condition will be improved
· Income of members will be improved


Project Objectives

· Improve the housing conditions in the village
· Increase members income
· To improve the quality of the building material and sell at low cost
· To improve the skills of the members in making bricks
· To improve the skills on how to do business
· To increase the saving skills and ability
· Expand the business and be able to invest in other business

Literature review

· Different authors were conducted. Other materials of the same nature as the project in questions were also conducted
· Policies like There are number of polices and pieces of legislation that relate to and affect unplanned/informal settlements. A critical land policy is the 1995 National Land Policy which effectively prohibited the removal of informal settlement and committed the government to upgrading them instead


Literature review cont...

· The local government urban council act of 1982 and subsequent legislation effectively restored local government as an institution, restoring to it the responsibility for service provision

Literature review cont..

· The government’s ongoing urban sector policy reform is designed to create an institution environment more conductive to the sustainable development and delivery of urban infrastructure and services. Though the world supported Urban Sector Engineering Project (USR) began in 1995 contained the government issues the role of the private sector and community participation.

Literature review cont…

· The governemt have recognized the importance of the urban sector in national social economic development and conducted a human settlements review and prepared a strategy which aims at “crating sustainable development in urban centres for improving living conditions in informal settlements, alleviating poverty, stimulating economic growth and employment and improving the urban environment”.


























































































Literature review cont..

· The project is also supporting the MKUKUTA strategy cluster I and II which is about growth of the economy and reduction in income poverty and improvement of quality of life and social well being.
· Different reports such as a report on UN HABITAT III Human Settlement were also reviewed.

Project implementation

· The project plan included fifteen activities to be implemented. Training the members on how to do the business/entrepreneur, Conduct training on how to keep records or to do business efficiently.

· Train members on the importance of serving and how serve and secure finances from Banks/financial, Opening a bank account for the project, Identify area to build the shed and build a shed, Training the member on how to make the bricks, Soil, cement, and lime.

Project implementation cont..

· These activities were implemented according to the objectives pre planned. Each activity was accomplished as per objective requirements as follows.

· To improve the skills of the members in making bricks; Members have been trained on how to make the bricks Soil, cement. And lime.

· To improve the quality of the building material and sell at low cost: Members have been trained on how to make the bricks Soil, cement, and lime

· Improve the housing conditions in the village: Training the members of the group to become trainers of the others on how to build their houses by redbrick

Project implementation cont…

· To improve skills on how to do business: members were Trained on how to do the business/entrepreneur, training on how to keep records or to do business efficiently was also done.


· To increase the saving skills and ability: Train members on the importance of serving and how to serve and secure finances from Banks/financial,

Output and product

· Production increased from 2000-4000 to 6000-10000 per month depending on the season
· The number of houses in the village built using this type bricks have increased have increased from 6 to 20 houses
· The group has managed to buy a plot of land in worth 0.2 million for investment



· The group has accumulated Tsh. 1.2 million
· The group has opened a bank account with NMB Chalinze

Budget

· The project budget was estimated to be Ths. 4.3 million
· Though the amount is not found yet, but some people promised to volunteer, and also as a group we are working on to obtain a small loan from Bank
· The project has so far used a total of 146,000 for consultancy fees, stationeries, transport and communication

Participatory Monitoring & Evaluation

Participatory Monitoring
· Participatory Monitoring is the systematic recording and periodic analysis of information that has been chosen and recorded by the insiders with the help of the outsiders.



· Participatory Monitoring is being conducted as it was planned. Monitoring methods which has been used include Participatory rural appraisal, and beneficiary Assessment.

EVALUATION

EVALUATION
· Evaluation is the process of gathering and analyzing information to determine whether the project is carrying out its planned activities and the extent to which the project is achieving objectives. Its

Participatory Evaluation
· Is an opportunity for both outsiders and insiders to stop and reflect on the past in order to make decision is order about the future. Insiders are encouraged and supported by the outsiders to take responsibility and control of; planning what is to be evaluated; how the evaluation will be done; carrying out the evaluation and analyzing information and presenting evaluation results.

Evaluation cont..

Evaluation methods and tools
Methods used: Action planning, responsibility, beneficiary assessment, resourcefulness and self assessment methods.
· Evaluation of this project is been conducted periodically. It have been carried out by internal members and CED practitioner


· The evaluation process have been evaluating progress on the work plan, implementation of the planned activities, achievement of the objectives, effectiveness of the project, and efficiency/cost effectiveness of the project


· Evaluation Results: So far the evaluation done shows that there is big improvement as the group have already opened an account and started to serve in a Bank.

· They need cooperatives for building houses and with help of community workers they can do something which recognizable. Bevans and Mitchel made some suggestions how the filed workers posted is community building projects need to make large professionals and personal adaptations.
· on how the policies are implemented.

Conclusion and Recommendation

· Recommendation
· They will be asked to contribute towards the solution of unfamiliar problems using materials skills and production process found locally. The following Points 1-6 is intended as a checklist for the community builder; identify the user group; Study local society and its culture;

· Study local building traditions-Try to find examples of local building traditions. Identify the skills an materials that were employed and see if the exist to the same level, then look at the range of different types of building and try to categorize them according now, what is the local climate, what building forms seem most appropriate to achieve thermal comfort? What is the economic status? (Beven, 1992)




· Many good policies have bee established but no success implementation of it. Leaders should make follow up




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Sustainability

· Sustainability relates to how your project ensures its capacity to function regardless of changes in external funding sources.
· In order for the project to be sustainable, the stake holder to find alternative materials to use in making the bricks. This can at least reduce the use of fire wood and thus save the forests which have been destroyed by the timer and charcoal makers.

Sustainability cont

Strategic for Sustainability
· The project is expected to help many people in the village of out of the village. Many strategies are planned to make the project sustainable, these strategies indude the following:
Financial sustainability
· Initiate investing in other activities like investing in agriculture
· Invest in other building material like cement, iron sheets and timber and sell to make a profit


· Using the profit they make to buy more machines for making the bricks for other villagers to hire and pay some money to the group
· Providing skill for maintaining the machines
· Investing in other activities like agriculture
Institutional sustainability
· There should be a vision, mission and values

Sustainability cont..

· Networking with other organizations
· Conducting performance reviews
· Training more new skills if they may come into view
· Prepare by-laws which will guide members of what they have to do and not to do
· Find an office
Political sustainability
· Register the group government support for the project
· Produce quality bricks to gain community support and participation



SUSTAINABILTY PLAN
· Using the profit they make, the group members agreed to buy more machines for making the bricks which will be used by other villagers to hire and pay some money to the group, and also to buy a big machine with high capacity of production the bricks
· Providing skill for maintaining the machines
· Investing in other activities like agriculture



· Investing in other building materials like timber, iron sheets, steel, and cement
· Training more new skill if they may come into view
· Building houses for renting

Conclusion and Recommendation

· Conclusion
· From the result of the participatory need assessment, the problem of housing seemed to be the most pressing problem as 100% of the respondents of the questionnaires. The project was implemented after passing through various process.





Conclusion and Recommendation

· Conclusion
· According to all references above no one talked much about housing situation in rural area in Tanzania. That is the region where people live in very poor and unhealthy huts and dwellers




· THE GOVERNMENT must also build capacity of poor people who live in rural area for training people on technical skills which may encourage the to find out if there are cheap material which can be used by people in rural areas to improve their housing situation



· as it is believed that if people live in good house (not talking about higher quality houses) and more durable; they can concentrate much on development activities than using time in repairing



· Good houses forces are like heavy rainfall and Earthquakes, where the environmental are such as fire, for example in September 2007 we had now fire destroyed many houses at Kwan’undu village in Chalinze province

Conclusion and Recommendation

· Recommendation
· The Government should put more effort to solve the problem now, because as the time pass it become more difficult to solve. The Government needs to have good policies on housing and strategies to solve the problems, and the strategies must aim at making the housing development sector sustainable


· The government itself should invest in providing affordable housing or and sector sustainable. The government itself should invest in providing affordable housing of and call many private organizations to invest in the housing sector; the house be affordable by many. The policies should also say something on housing in rural areas, where people live in very poor and unhealthy dwellers.

· The whole community has to be educated on the issue of housing. By getting education they can understand their problem and decide to change by building their houses in the planned area. Poor housing is also a cause of different disease like diarrhoea and malaria; so by helping our people to have affordable hosing we help them to improve their health also

Conclusion and Recommendation

· Recommendation
· The Government should invest on build capacity of the community and providing knowledge so that people will be aware of what they want is really needed fir the betterment of their lives.



· There is a possibility of housing be one of the reasons why people live their villages to town. For example if a person have a good house with water and electricity, this can reduce the number of people in shifting to town

· According to Kironde, over the pat 40 years urbanization; that is the proportional change between the population living in rural areas and that living urban areas has become one of the most important trends in human settlements development (Ngware & Kironde; 2002:22).
· So far big efforts are made to provide for people in urban area. For example

· we all witness effort done by the Government of Tanzania to build houses at Dodoma and Bunju area in Dar es Salaam, though the beneficiaries are few, selling government houses may also help some civil workers have permanent shelters live-in; but it is time now for the policy makers and the strategies direct the efforts to rural area.




































































































































· They need cooperatives for building houses and with help of community workers they can do something which recognizable. Bevans and Mitchel made some suggestions how the filed workers posted is community building projects need to make large professionals and personal adaptations.
· on how the policies are implemented.

Conclusion and Recommendation

· Recommendation
· They will be asked to contribute towards the solution of unfamiliar problems using materials skills and production process found locally. The following Points 1-6 is intended as a checklist for the community builder; identify the user group; Study local society and its culture;

· Study local building traditions-Try to find examples of local building traditions. Identify the skills an materials that were employed and see if the exist to the same level, then look at the range of different types of building and try to categorize them according now, what is the local climate, what building forms seem most appropriate to achieve thermal comfort? What is the economic status? (Beven, 1992)




· Many good policies have bee established but no success implementation of it. Leaders should make follow up




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Appendix 9
INFORMATION FOR MONITORING PROGRAM
CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION
WHAT TO MONITOR
WHAT RECORDS TO KEEP
WHO COLLECTS DATA
WHO USES DATA
HOW TO USE INFORMATIONS
WHAT DECISIONS CAN BE MADE
Work plan activities
Timing of activities, resources availability
Quarterly work plans
members
Supervisor, CED practitioners, donor
Ensure resources are available
Reschedule activities
Cost and expenditure
Budgeted amounts, funds in hand, expenditures, balance in budget
Ledger of expenditure, receipts, Bank transactions, reports
members
Members, CED practitioner
Ensure funds are available to execute activities,
Authorize expenditure, make budget, Determine need for other funding sources
Staff and supervision
Knowledge, attitudes, job performance
Performance review, feedback from training attended
Supervision, trainers
Supervisors, members
Motivate the members, resolve any problem occur, advice the members
Placement, training needs
Commodities
Stock ordering
Stock registers, invoices, reports
Selected member /trained
Project, donor
Ensure availability of stock
When to order, Quality to order
Results
Number, type of bricks sold
reports
members
Field supervisor, project
Ensure objectives are realistic, asses quality of product
Revise objectives, and project strategy


Appendix 10:
MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN

OBJECTIVES

ACTIVITIES

INDICATORS

DATA SOURCE

METHODS OR TOOLS

PERSON RESPONSIBLE

TIME FRAME
Increase members income
Making more bricks to increase the income of the group
Income for each member (what a member gets from the project compared with the income before joining the project)
Reports, meetings
Interview, field visit observation
CED STUDENT, MEMBERS
One week
Enhance the project performance

Join the small groups together in the community
Number of bricks produced
Reports, meeting
Interview, field visit observation
CED STUDENT, MEMBERS
Two months
Improve the housing conditions in the village


Making quality bricks
Number of houses built using the bricks from the project
Reports, meeting
Interview, field visit observation
CED STUDENT, MEMBERS
Five month
Enhance skills on how to do business

Conduct training
Improved skills on doing business, record kept, and customer served
Reports, meeting
Interview, field visit observation
CED STUDENT, MEMBERS
Two weeks
To increase the saving skills and ability

Conduct training
How many members have saved in Banks or any financial institution
Reports, meeting
Interview, field visit observation
CED STUDENT, MEMBERS
Two–three weeks
Expand the business and be able to invest in other business like agriculture

Investing in other business
Other business opened
Reports, meeting
Interview, field visit observation
CED STUDENT, MEMBERS
Seven-twelve month























Appendix11: INDICATORS FOR EACH OBJECTIVE
GOAL: To improve housing conditions in the whole village and the nearby villages.

Objectives

Indicators

Increase members income

Income for each member (what a member gets from the project compared with the income before joining the project)

Enhance the project performance


Number of bricks produced

Improve the housing conditions in the village


Number of houses built using the bricks from the project

To improve the quality of the building material and sell at low cost


Quality compared to other bricks

Improve skills of the members and if possible to become trainers for those who will need training like other groups or individuals on how to succeed in business


Improved skills and the services provided to other villagers

Enhance skills on how to do business

Improved skills on doing business, record kept, and customer served

To increase the saving skills and ability


How many members have saved in Banks or any financial institution

Expand the business and be able to invest in other business like agriculture


Other business opened
Appendix 12
Summary of the Community stress and sources of stress
Community stress
Sources of stress
1. Inadequate primary schools,

Low level of awareness on resources mobilization and utilization
2.Inadequate secondary school,

- Low level of awareness on resources mobilization and utilization

3. Lack of vocational training,

- Low level of awareness on resources mobilization and utilization

4. Teachers and school facilities such as class rooms, desks, textbooks, teachers’ houses.
- Government policy- urban biased development and poor rural finance in Bagamoyo District.
5. Increase number of unemployed youth
- Lack of mobilization of youth to groups and consultancy (social capital
6. Failure of projects
Poor capacity of managing the projects
7. Poor houses built with very poor technologies.
- Lack of knowledge of how to build a house using the material around them.
8. Hunger
- poor technology in agriculture
- To some extent laziness
-Poor follow up of the village leaders

Poor volunteerism
Lack of efficiency communication system, or poor system of proving information

Poor social capital
Poor mobilization of people in the community to form groups



Appendix 13
Environmental stress, sources of stress and Environmental assets
Environment stress and sources of stress
Environmental stress
Sources of stress
1. Lack of trees which is the main source of building material, fire wood, and medicines

2. Losing the fertile land to new comers
- Low level of awareness on resources, and on the impacts of environment degradation.
- Lack of knowledge of the ral value of land
3. Low level of transparency among village leaders
- Lack of awareness on good governance at village level
4. Lack of building materials
- Lack of knowledge to utilize well the resources such as forests and technology to use them efficiently







Appendix 14
Economic stress and sources of stress and economical assets
Economical stress
Sources of stress
1. Lack of market
- Low level of community mobilization
2. Poor financial services
- Lack of sustainable business and knowledge
3. Poor houses
- Lack of funds and materials for building quality houses






Appendix 15
S/NO
OBJECTIVE
INPUTS
1
Building capacity on brick makers establishment and management to community member by 2009

Transport Tsh140,000.00
Stationeries Tsh. 45,000.00

2
Organizing community to prepare strategic plan by 2009

Transport Tsh140,000.00
Stationeries Tsh. 25,000.00
3
Capacitate brick makers committee on local resource mobilization and utilization by 2009

Transport Tsh. 140,000.00
Stationeries Tsh. 45,000.00
Fifteen people































Appendix 16
Logical frame work matrix
Narrations
Objectively verifiable indicators (OVI)
Means of verification(MOV)
External factors (Assumptions)
Development Objective
To improve bricks status quantitatively and qualitatively through increasing increasing capacity of the management
-Inreased number of quality houses built using red bricks
-Review of village reports
- Review of project reports
- There will be bricks for the community to build their houses
-People will put into practice the knowledge making bricks using lime and soil
Immediate objective
To improve hosing conditions
Improve quality of the bricks
- Review of project reports
- Community will accept the project
- Stakeholders and donors will support the project
Output
-Brick makers trained on how to make bricks using soil and lime
-High quality bricks
- increased income for the project and thus the income of the project members
- Improved skills on how to do business, to serve and get loans
-Increased number of people trained
-Increased number of houses built using red bricks in the village
-Review of project reports
- Review of financial reports of the project
-Physical observation to the used bricks around the village
Community members will accept the use of red bricks
Activities
- Training the brick makers on how to make to make bricks using lime and soil
- Training the brick makers on how to serve and take loans
Inputs
-Funds
- Facilitator, CED practituioner
- Training materials
Physical verification on project report
- Stakeholders and donors will support the project



Appendix 17
Staffing pattern
Brick makers committee and Governing Board that will be dealing with the daily activities
S/N
Responsibility of Organization basing on Project Objectives
Position
Training needs
Supervisory Role
1
Building capacity on brick makers establishment and management to community member by 2009

Brick makers committee management

-Ensure the groups are established and work

2
Organizing community to prepare CED strategic plan by 2009
Brick makers committee management

-Ensure CED strategic plan prepared and implemented
3
Capacitate Brick makers committee on local resource mobilization and utilization by 2009

Brick makers committee management
Governing Board

-Ensure Brick makers committee capacitated with leadership, local resource mobilization and utilization
















Appendix 18
Table 13: BUDGET FOR THE PROJECT
STATIONARIES
COST
Stationeries
20,200
2 Calculator @ 20,000
40,000
1 Punching Machines @2500
2,500
1 staple machines @ 2500
2,500
3 Boxes of staple pins @1000
3,000
2 Rulers@ 500
1,000
Sub Total
69,200
FIELD ACTIVITIES

Transport
50,000
Other expenses
145.000
Sub Total
195,000
MACHINES

Two machines @ 1,500,000
3,000,000
Building a shelter
850,000
Sub Total
3850,000
Grand Total
4,114,000